Hereditary disorders are genetic conditions passed down from one generation to the next through mutations in DNA. These disorders occur when a mutation is inherited from one or both parents, affecting specific genes that influence bodily functions. They can be caused by single-gene mutations (monogenic), multiple genes (polygenic), or chromosomal abnormalities. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease. Genetic testing, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), plays a crucial role in diagnosing and understanding hereditary disorders, enabling early detection and personalized treatment.